Surface Processes

Weathering - residual deposits

Soil

Clay

Laterite deposits

Iron, Aluminum, Nickel

Physical Sedimentation - rivers, beaches, dunes

Sand and Gravel

Placer deposits

Gold, Platinum, Diamonds, Ilmenite (Ti), Rutile (Ti), Zircon

Chemical Sedimentation

Evaporites

Halite, Sylvite, Borax, Trona

Limestone

Rock, cement, food and cosmetic additive

Organic Sedimentation

Coal, Oil, Natural Gas

Phosphate, Sulfur

Subsurface Processes

Oil

Maturation, Migration of fluids

Hydrothermal-Veins, replacement bodies, disseminated ore fromed from waters flowing through and reacting with rocks.

Low Temp.

Ground water-Uranium, Vanadium

Basinal fluids-Brines, Lead-Zinc deposits

Seawater-Massive Sulfide

Metamorphic water-gold, copper

Magmatic water-Porphyry copper-Molybdenum, Skarn (Pb, Zn, Cu, Ag, Au, W)

High Temp.

Magmatic Processes

Crystal Fractionation-Chromium, Vanadium, Titanium, Olivine

Immiscible sulfide liquids-Nickel, Copper, Cobalt, Platinum